Changes to classroom rules of engagement, such as assessment, the curriculum, instruction, and the environment, can produce real results.
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Samuel L. Eskelson, Brian E. Townsend, and Elizabeth K. Hughes
Use this context and technological tool to assist students in embracing the mathematical and pragmatic nuances of “real-world” problems so they become fertile opportunities to explore mathematical concepts, express reasoning, and engage in mathematical modeling.
Clayton M. Edwards, Rebecca R. Robichaux-Davis, and Brian E. Townsend
Three inquiry-based tasks highlight the planning, classroom discourse, positive results, and growth in one class's journey.
John K. Lannin, Fran Arbaugh, David D. Barker, and Brian E. Townsend
Give me a productive error over a boring, mundane, and unproductive fact any day.
Brian E. Townsend, John K. Lannin, and David D. Barker
Helping students determine different strategies to explore algebraic reasoning tasks can help them draw accurate conclusions.
John K. Lannin, Brian E. Townsend, Nathan Armer, Savanna Green, and Jessica Schneider
An important goal of school mathematics involves helping students use the powerful forms of representation that have been developed over the centuries through the work of mathematicians throughout the world. However, challenges exist in encouraging students to develop meaning for the mathematical symbols used in formal algebra. Research has demonstrated that students often fail to develop a deep understanding of the meaning of symbolic representations of variables (e.g., Booth 1984; Clement 1982), so much so that Thompson (1994) found that a limited understanding of the meaning of variables negatively impacts students who later take college calculus. The question arises as to how we can develop meaning for formal algebraic symbols in the middle grades so that instruction can build on this meaning throughout students' high school and college experiences.
